# Research

Blockspace Labs projects, one short page each, linked to blockspacelabs.com.

URL: https://blockspace.wiki/research/

Blockspace Labs is the research and development arm, at [blockspacelabs.com](https://blockspacelabs.com). These pages describe its projects.

- [Sub-1 sat/vB relay](https://blockspace.wiki/research/sub-1-sat-vb-relay/): Live: the Blockspace Labs node relays and keeps transactions paying less than 1 sat/vB, on stock Bitcoin Core with minrelaytxfee=0.
- [blockspace.to: spent sats](https://blockspace.wiki/research/blockspace-to-spent-sats/): Live, a product: an ord explorer and indexer that also tracks which sats have been spent, running a fork of ord with --index-spent-sats.
- [Blockspace Token Indexer (BTI)](https://blockspace.wiki/research/blockspace-token-indexer/): Live: every byte of every block attributed to the tokens that bought it, in three books. It powers block.space.
- [The byte census](https://blockspace.wiki/research/byte-census/): Live: every block's bytes, counted by region: base, witness and envelopes.
- [Who holds blockspace](https://blockspace.wiki/research/who-holds-blockspace/): Live: the holders of every token's bytes, ranked by address. It powers the block.space leaderboard.
- [The blockspace price](https://blockspace.wiki/research/blockspace-price/): Live: asking prices per kilobyte of blockspace across marketplaces, from every listing that can be read. It powers blockspace.markets.
- [4 MB transaction relay](https://blockspace.wiki/research/4mb-transaction-relay/): Research: relaying transactions up to 4 MB, the whole block weight. Stock Bitcoin Core stops at 100 kvB, so it needs a patched node; none relays them here today.
- [Blockspace expansion policy](https://blockspace.wiki/research/blockspace-expansion-policy/): Research: the relay and consensus levers that change how much blockspace is usable and who can reach it, each measured effect beside the arguments for and against. Descriptive; it takes no side.
- [Permanent bytes: what to store on Bitcoin, and how](https://blockspace.wiki/research/permanent-bytes/): Research: every byte on Bitcoin is permanent and costly. What deserves that, and how is each byte best spent? Seven questions, each tied to the data that could answer it.
- [Policy observatory](https://blockspace.wiki/research/policy-observatory/): Research: count the transactions mined each block that standard relay would refuse, and how much blockspace reaches miners off the standard relay path.
- [Low-fee propagation](https://blockspace.wiki/research/low-fee-propagation/): Research: which sub-1 sat/vB transactions the Labs mempool keeps actually get mined, by which pools, and how long they wait.
- [The sub-1 sat/vB share](https://blockspace.wiki/research/sub-1-sat-vb-share/): Research: hour by hour, how much of a mempool with no fee floor pays below 1 sat/vB, and what it would have paid at the default floor.
- [Full-RBF in practice](https://blockspace.wiki/research/full-rbf-in-practice/): Research: count the replacements the Labs mempool sees with full-RBF on, and which of them reach blocks.
- [The witness discount, by protocol](https://blockspace.wiki/research/witness-discount-by-protocol/): Research: each token family's split of base and witness bytes, and what the discount saved it in fees.
- [The envelope taxonomy](https://blockspace.wiki/research/envelope-taxonomy/): Research: every way data is carried on Bitcoin (ord envelopes, Counterparty, OP_RETURN protocols, stamps), by bytes over time.
- [Inscription permanence](https://blockspace.wiki/research/inscription-permanence/): Research: how often inscribed sats are spent or move, and where they go.
- [Lost sats](https://blockspace.wiki/research/lost-sats/): Research: sats that coinbase transactions never claimed, so they exist in no output: where and when they were lost.
- [Cursed inscriptions](https://blockspace.wiki/research/cursed-inscriptions/): Research: which rules cursed each inscription, by height, and how the books bind them to sats.
- [Testing the BVT](https://blockspace.wiki/research/testing-the-bvt/): Research: does the price per kilobyte track attributed bytes? A proposed empirical test of Blockspace Value Theory, an untested thesis.
- [Blockspace Value Theory (Labs card)](https://blockspace.wiki/research/blockspace-value-theory/): Research: the thesis behind the meter, in its own words a living document and an untested thesis.
- [Fork and reorg watch](https://blockspace.wiki/research/fork-and-reorg-watch/): Research: detect indexers that follow a stale tip or a fork, from the experience of an atomicals indexer stuck on an orphan at block 966,500.
- [Litecoin and Dogecoin blockspace](https://blockspace.wiki/research/litecoin-and-dogecoin-blockspace/): Research: Litecoin's and Dogecoin's blockspace measured the way block.space measures Bitcoin's. No Litecoin or Dogecoin node runs yet; the study starts when one does.

Sources:

- Blockspace Holdings records
- Blockspace Labs facts (data/facts.json) · https://blockspacelabs.com

Updated: 2026-10-20